Man page 5 : mmdf

MMDF - Multi-channel Memorandum Distribution Facility mailbox format

This document describes the

MMDF mailbox format used by some MTAs and MUAs (i.e.

R scomail (1)) to store mail messages locally.

An

MMDF mailbox is a text file containing an arbitrary number of e-mail messages. Each message consists of a postmark, followed by an e-mail message formatted according to RFC822 / RFC2822, followed by a postmark. The file format is line-oriented. Lines are separated by line feed characters (ASCII 10). A postmark line consists of the four characters "^A^A^A^A" (Control-A; ASCII 1).

• Example of a MMDF mailbox holding two mails:
      .RS

^A^A^A^A
From: example@example.com
To: example@example.org
Subject: test
>From what I learned about the MMDF-format:
^A^A^A^A
^A^A^A^A
From: example@example.com
To: example@example.org
Subject: test 2
bar
^A^A^A^A

In contrast to most other single file mailbox formats like MBOXO and MBOXRD (see

R mbox (5)) there is no need to quote/dequote "From "-lines in

MMDF mailboxes as such lines have no special meaning in this format.

If the modification-time (usually determined via

R stat (2)) of a nonempty mailbox file is greater than the access-time the file has new mail. Many MUAs place a Status: header in each message to indicate which messages have already been read.

Since

MMDF files are frequently accessed by multiple programs in parallel,

MMDF files should generally not be accessed without locking.

Three different locking mechanisms (and combinations thereof) are in general use:

R fcntl (2) locking is mostly used on recent, POSIX-compliant systems. Use of this locking method is, in particular, advisable if

MMDF files are accessed through the Network File System (NFS), since it seems the only way to reliably invalidate NFS clients' caches.

R flock (2) locking is mostly used on BSD-based systems.

Dotlocking is used on all kinds of systems. In order to lock an

MMDF file named folder, an application first creates a temporary file with a unique name in the directory in which the folder resides. The application then tries to use the

R link (2) system call to create a hard link named folder.lock to the temporary file. The success of the

R link (2) system call should be additionally verified using

R stat (2) calls. If the link has succeeded, the mail folder is considered dotlocked. The temporary file can then safely be unlinked.

In order to release the lock, an application just unlinks the folder.lock file.

If multiple methods are combined, implementors should make sure to use the non-blocking variants of the

R fcntl (2) and

R flock (2) system calls in order to avoid deadlocks.

If multiple methods are combined, an

MMDF file must not be considered to have been successfully locked before all individual locks were obtained. When one of the individual locking methods fails, an application should release all locks it acquired successfully, and restart the entire locking procedure from the beginning, after a suitable delay.

The locking mechanism used on a particular system is a matter of local policy, and should be consistently used by all applications installed on the system which access

MMDF files. Failure to do so may result in loss of e-mail data, and in corrupted

MMDF files.

MMDF is not part of any currently supported standard.

MMDF was developed at the University of Delaware by Dave Crocker.

R scomail (1),

R fcntl (2),

R flock (2),

R link (2),

R stat (2),

R mbox (5),

R RFC822 ,

R RFC2822

Urs Janssen <>