Man page 1 : pnmrotate

pnmrotate - rotate a portable anymap by some angle

pnmrotate [ -noantialias ] angle [ pnmfile ]

Reads a portable anymap as input. Rotates it by the specified angle and produces a portable anymap as output. If the input file is in color, the output will be too, otherwise it will be grayscale. The angle is in degrees (floating point), measured counter-clockwise. It can be negative, but it should be between -90 and 90. Also, for rotations greater than 45 degrees you may get better results if you first use pnmflipto do a 90 degree rotation and then pnmrotateless than 45 degrees back the other direction

The rotation algorithm is Alan Paeth's three-shear method. Each shear is implemented by looping over the source pixels and distributing fractions to each of the destination pixels. This has an "anti-aliasing" effect - it avoids jagged edges and similar artifacts. However, it also means that the original colors or gray levels in the image are modified. If you need to keep precisely the same set of colors, you can use the

-noantialias flag. This does the shearing by moving pixels without changing their values. If you want anti-aliasing and don't care about the precise colors, but still need a limited *number* of colors, you can run the result through ppmquant .

All flags can be abbreviated to their shortest unique prefix.

"A Fast Algorithm for General Raster Rotation" by Alan Paeth, Graphics Interface '86, pp. 77-81.

pnmshear(1), pnmflip(1), pnm(5), ppmquant(1)

Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 by Jef Poskanzer.