Man page 1 : pic

. \*(tx mode is enabled by the

-t option. In \*(tx mode,

pic will define a vbox called

\graph for each picture. Use the

figname command to change the name of the vbox. You must yourself print that vbox using, for example, the command

\centerline{\box\graph}

Actually, since the vbox has a height of zero (it is defined with \vtop) this will produce slightly more vertical space above the picture than below it;

\centerline{\raise 1em\box\graph}

would avoid this.

To make the vbox having a positive height and a depth of zero (as used e.g. by \*(lx's

R graphics.sty ), define the following macro in your document:

\def\gpicbox#1{%

\vbox{\unvbox\csname #1\endcsname\kern 0pt}}

Now you can simply say

\gpicbox{graph} instead of \box\graph.

You must use a \*(tx driver that supports the

tpic specials, version 2.

Lines beginning with

\ are passed through transparently; a

% is added to the end of the line to avoid unwanted spaces. You can safely use this feature to change fonts or to change the value of

R \baselineskip . Anything else may well produce undesirable results; use at your own risk. Lines beginning with a period are not given any special treatment. .

.

• for variable = expr1 to expr2 \
      [by [*]expr3] do X body X Set variableto expr1 . While the value of variableis less than or equal to expr2 , do bodyand increment variableby expr3 ; if

by is not given, increment variableby 1. If expr3is prefixed by

* then variablewill instead be multiplied by expr3 . The value of expr3can be negative for the additive case; variableis then tested whether it is greater than or equal to expr2 . For the multiplicative case, expr3must be greater than zero. If the constraints aren't met, the loop isn't executed. Xcan be any character not occurring in body . .

• if expr then X if-true X \
      [else Y if-false Y] Evaluate expr ; if it is non-zero then do if-true , otherwise do if-false . Xcan be any character not occurring in if-true . Ycan be any character not occurring in if-false . .
• print arg . . .
      Concatenate the arguments and print as a line on stderr. Each argmust be an expression, a position, or text. This is useful for debugging. .
• command arg . . .
      Concatenate the arguments and pass them through as a line to troff or \*(tx. Each argmust be an expression, a position, or text. This has a similar effect to a line beginning with

. or

R \ , but allows the values of variables to be passed through. For example,

.PS
x = 14
command ".ds string x is " x "."
.PE
\*[string]

prints

x is 14. .

• sh X command X
      Pass commandto a shell. Xcan be any character not occurring in command . .
• copy \fB"filename\fB"
      Include filenameat this point in the file. .
• copy [\fB"filename\fB"] thru X body X \
      [until \fB"word\*(ic\fB"]
• copy [\fB"filename\fB"] thru macro \
      [until \fB"word\*(ic\fB"] This construct does bodyonce for each line of filename ; the line is split into blank-delimited words, and occurrences of $ i in body , for ibetween 1 and 9, are replaced by the i -th word of the line. If filenameis not given, lines are taken from the current input up to

R .PE . If an

until clause is specified, lines will be read only until a line the first word of which is word ; that line will then be discarded. Xcan be any character not occurring in body . For example,

.PS
copy thru % circle at ($1,$2) % until "END"
1 2
3 4
5 6
END
box
.PE

is equivalent to

.PS
circle at (1,2)
circle at (3,4)
circle at (5,6)
box
.PE

The commands to be performed for each line can also be taken from a macro defined earlier by giving the name of the macro as the argument to

R thru . .

reset

• \fBreset variable1[,]\fI variable2 ...
      Reset pre-defined variables variable1 , variable2... to their default values. If no arguments are given, reset all pre-defined variables to their default values. Note that assigning a value to

scale also causes all pre-defined variables that control dimensions to be reset to their default values times the new value of scale. .

• plot expr [\fB"text\*(ic\fB"]
      This is a text object which is constructed by using textas a format string for sprintf with an argument of expr . If textis omitted a format string of

(ts%g(ts is used. Attributes can be specified in the same way as for a normal text object. Be very careful that you specify an appropriate format string;

pic does only very limited checking of the string. This is deprecated in favour of

R sprintf . .

• .IB variable  :=  expr
      This is similar to

= except variablemust already be defined, and exprwill be assigned to variablewithout creating a variable local to the current block. (By contrast,

= defines the variable in the current block if it is not already defined there, and then changes the value in the current block only.) For example, the following:

.PS
x = 3
y = 3
[
  x := 5
  y = 5
]
print x " " y
.PE

prints

5 3 .

Arguments of the form

X anything X

are also allowed to be of the form

{  anything  }

In this case anythingcan contain balanced occurrences of

{ and

R } . Strings may contain Xor imbalanced occurrences of

{ and

R } . .

. The syntax for expressions has been significantly extended: .

.IB x  ^  y (exponentiation)
sin( x )
cos( x )
atan2( y ,  x )
log( x ) (base 10)
exp( x ) (base 10, ie .ie t 10\v'-.4m'x\*(ic\v'.4m')
sqrt( x )
int( x )

rand() (return a random number between 0 and 1)
rand( x ) (return a random number between 1 and x ; deprecated)
srand( x ) (set the random number seed)
max( e1 ,  e2 )
min( e1 ,  e2 )
! e
e1\fB && \fIe2
e1\fB || \fIe2
e1\fB == \fIe2
e1\fB != \fIe2
e1\fB >= \fIe2
e1\fB > \fIe2
e1\fB <= \fIe2
e1\fB < \fIe2
\fB"str1\*(ic\fB" == "\fIstr2\*(ic\fB"
\fB"str1\*(ic\fB" != "\fIstr2\*(ic\fB"
.

String comparison expressions must be parenthesised in some contexts to avoid ambiguity. .

. A bare expression, expr , is acceptable as an attribute; it is equivalent to dir expr , where diris the current direction. For example

line 2i

means draw a line 2 inches long in the current direction. The `i' (or `I') character is ignored; to use another measurement unit, set the scalevariable to an appropriate value. .

The maximum width and height of the picture are taken from the variables

maxpswid and

R maxpsht . Initially these have values 8.5 and 11. .

Scientific notation is allowed for numbers. For example

x = 5e-2 .

Text attributes can be compounded. For example,

"foo" above ljust

is valid. .

There is no limit to the depth to which blocks can be examined. For example,

[A: [B: [C: box ]]] with .A.B.C.sw at 1,2

circle at last [].A.B.C

is acceptable. .

Arcs now have compass points determined by the circle of which the arc is a part. .

Circles, ellipses, and arcs can be dotted or dashed. In \*(tx mode splines can be dotted or dashed also. .

Boxes can have rounded corners. The

rad attribute specifies the radius of the quarter-circles at each corner. If no

rad or

diam attribute is given, a radius of

boxrad is used. Initially,

boxrad has a value of 0. A box with rounded corners can be dotted or dashed. .

Boxes can have slanted sides. This effectively changes the shape of a box from a rectangle to an arbitrary parallelogram. The

xslanted and

yslanted attributes specify the x and y\~offset of the box's upper right corner from its default position. .

The

.PS line can have a second argument specifying a maximum height for the picture. If the width of zero is specified the width will be ignored in computing the scaling factor for the picture. Note that GNU

pic will always scale a picture by the same amount vertically as well as horizontally. This is different from the DWB 2.0

pic which may scale a picture by a different amount vertically than horizontally if a height is specified. .

Each text object has an invisible box associated with it. The compass points of a text object are determined by this box. The implicit motion associated with the object is also determined by this box. The dimensions of this box are taken from the width and height attributes; if the width attribute is not supplied then the width will be taken to be

R textwid ; if the height attribute is not supplied then the height will be taken to be the number of text strings associated with the object times

R textht . Initially

textwid and

textht have a value of 0. .

In (almost all) places where a quoted text string can be used, an expression of the form

sprintf((ts format (ts,  arg ,\fR. . .\fB)

can also be used; this will produce the arguments formatted according to format , which should be a string as described in

R printf (3) appropriate for the number of arguments supplied. .

The thickness of the lines used to draw objects is controlled by the

linethick variable. This gives the thickness of lines in points. A negative value means use the default thickness: in \*(tx output mode, this means use a thickness of 8 milliinches; in \*(tx output mode with the

-c option, this means use the line thickness specified by

.ps lines; in troff output mode, this means use a thickness proportional to the pointsize. A zero value means draw the thinnest possible line supported by the output device. Initially it has a value of -1. There is also a

R thick [ ness ] attribute. For example,

circle thickness 1.5

would draw a circle using a line with a thickness of 1.5 points. The thickness of lines is not affected by the value of the

scale variable, nor by the width or height given in the

.PS line. .

Boxes (including boxes with rounded corners or slanted sides), circles and ellipses can be filled by giving them an attribute of

R fill [ ed ]. This takes an optional argument of an expression with a value between 0 and 1; 0 will fill it with white, 1 with black, values in between with a proportionally gray shade. A value greater than 1 can also be used: this means fill with the shade of gray that is currently being used for text and lines. Normally this will be black, but output devices may provide a mechanism for changing this. Without an argument, then the value of the variable

fillval will be used. Initially this has a value of 0.5. The invisible attribute does not affect the filling of objects. Any text associated with a filled object will be added after the object has been filled, so that the text will not be obscured by the filling. .

Three additional modifiers are available to specify colored objects:

R outline [ d ] sets the color of the outline,

shaded the fill color, and

colo\fR[\fPu\fR]\fPr\fR[\fPed\fR] sets both. All three keywords expect a suffix specifying the color, for example

circle shaded

Currently, color support isn't available in \*(tx mode. Predefined color names for

groff are in the device macro files, for example

R ps.tmac ; additional colors can be defined with the

.defcolor request (see the manual page of

R troff (1) for more details).

To change the name of the vbox in \*(tx mode, set the pseudo-variable

figname (which is actually a specially parsed command) within a picture. Example:

.PS

figname = foobar;

...

.PE

The picture is then available in the box

R \foobar .

pic assumes that at the beginning of a picture both glyph and fill color are set to the default value. .

Arrow heads will be drawn as solid triangles if the variable

arrowhead is non-zero and either \*(tx mode is enabled or the

-n option has not been given. Initially

arrowhead has a value of 1. Note that solid arrow heads are always filled with the current outline color. .

The troff output of

pic is device-independent. The

-T option is therefore redundant. All numbers are taken to be in inches; numbers are never interpreted to be in troff machine units. .

Objects can have an

aligned attribute. This will only work if the postprocessor is

R grops . Any text associated with an object having the

aligned attribute will be rotated about the center of the object so that it is aligned in the direction from the start point to the end point of the object. Note that this attribute will have no effect for objects whose start and end points are coincident. .

In places where .IB n th is allowed ` expr 'th is also allowed. Note that

'th is a single token: no space is allowed between the

' and the

R th . For example,

for i = 1 to 4 do {
   line from `i'th box.nw to `i+1'th box.se
}

. .