Man page 1 : mono

mono - Mono's ECMA-CLI native code generator (Just-in-Time and Ahead-of-Time)

mono [options] file [arguments...]

mono is a runtime implementation of the ECMA Common Language Infrastructure. This can be used to run ECMA and .NET applications.

The runtime contains a native code generator that transforms the Common Intermediate Language into native code.

The code generator can operate in two modes: just in time compilation (JIT) or ahead of time compilation (AOT). Since code can be dynamically loaded, the runtime environment and the JIT are always present, even if code is compiled ahead of time.

The runtime loads the specified fileand optionally passes the argumentsto it. The fileis an ECMA assembly. They typically have a .exe or .dll extension.

The runtime provides a number of configuration options for running applications, for developing and debugging, and for testing and debugging the runtime itself.

On Unix-based systems, Mono provides a mechanism to emulate the Windows-style file access, this includes providing a case insensitive view of the file system, directory separator mapping (from \ to /) and stripping the drive letters.

This functionality is enabled by setting the

MONO_IOMAP environment variable to one of

all, drive and

case.

See the description for

MONO_IOMAP in the environment variables section for more details.

The following options are available:

• --aot, --aot[=options]
      This option is used to precompile the CIL code in the specified assembly to native code. The generated code is stored in a file with the extension .so. This file will be automatically picked up by the runtime when the assembly is executed. .Sp Ahead-of-Time compilation is most useful if you use it in combination with the -O=all,-shared flag which enables all of the optimizations in the code generator to be performed. Some of those optimizations are not practical for Just-in-Time compilation since they might be very time consuming. .Sp Unlike the .NET Framework, Ahead-of-Time compilation will not generate domain independent code: it generates the same code that the Just-in-Time compiler would produce. Since most applications use a single domain, this is fine. If you want to optimize the generated code for use in multi-domain applications, consider using the -O=shared flag. .Sp This pre-compiles the methods, but the original assembly is still required to execute as this one contains the metadata and exception information which is not available on the generated file. When precompiling code, you might want to compile with all optimizations (-O=all). Pre-compiled code is position independent code. .Sp Pre compilation is just a mechanism to reduce startup time, increase code sharing across multiple mono processes and avoid just-in-time compilation program startup costs. The original assembly must still be present, as the metadata is contained there. .Sp AOT code typically can not be moved from one computer to another (CPU-specific optimizations that are detected at runtime) so you should not try to move the pre-generated assemblies or package the pre-generated assemblies for deployment. .Sp A few options are available as a parameter to the

--aot command line option. The options are separated by commas, and more than one can be specified:

• bind-to-runtime-version
      .Sp If specified, forces the generated AOT files to be bound to the runtime version of the compiling Mono. This will prevent the AOT files from being consumed by a different Mono runtime. fullThis is currently an experimental feature as it is not complete. This instructs Mono to precompile code that has historically not been precompiled with AOT.
• outfile=[filename]
      Instructs the AOT compiler to save the output to the specified file.
• write-symbols
      Instructs the AOT compiler to emit debug symbol information.
• save-temps,keep-temps
      Instructs the AOT compiler to keep temporary files.
• threads=[number]
      This is an experimental option for the AOT compiler to use multiple threads when compiling the methods.
• nodebug
      Instructs the AOT compiler to not output any debugging information.
• ntrampolines=[number]
      When compiling in full aot mode, the method trampolines must be precreated in the AOT image. You can add additional method trampolines with this argument. Defaults to 1024.
• nrgctx-trampolines=[number]
      When compiling in full aot mode, the generic sharing trampolines must be precreated in the AOT image. You can add additional method trampolines with this argument. Defaults to 1024.
• nimt-trampolines=[number]
      When compiling in full aot mode, the IMT trampolines must be precreated in the AOT image. You can add additional method trampolines with this argument. Defaults to 128.
• print-skipped-methods
      If the AOT compiler cannot compile a method for any reason, enabling this flag will output the skipped methods to the console.
• autoreg
      The AOT compiler will emit a (ELF only) library initializer to automatically register the aot compiled module with the runtime. This is only useful in static mode
• asmonly
      Instructs the AOT compiler to output assembly code instead of an object file.
• soft-debug
      This instructs the compiler to generate sequence point checks that allow Mono's soft debugger to debug applications even on systems where it is not possible to set breakpoints or to single step (certain hardware configurations like the cell phones and video gaming consoles).
• static
      Create an ELF object file (.o) which can be statically linked into an executable when embedding the mono runtime. When this option is used, the object file needs to be registered with the embedded runtime using the mono_aot_register_module function which takes as its argument the mono_aot_module_<ASSEMBLY NAME>_info global symbol from the object file:

extern void *mono_aot_module_hello_info;
mono_aot_register_module (mono_aot_module_hello_info);

For more information about AOT, see: http://www.mono-project.com/AOT

• --attach=[options]
      Currently the only option supported by this command line argument is disable which disables the attach functionality.
• --full-aot
      This is an experimental flag that instructs the Mono runtime to not generate any code at runtime and depend exclusively on the code generated from using mono --aot=full previously. This is useful for platforms that do not permit dynamic code generation. .Sp Notice that this feature will abort execution at runtime if a codepath in your program, or Mono's class libraries attempts to generate code dynamically. You should test your software upfront and make sure that you do not use any dynamic features.
• --config filename
      Load the specified configuration file instead of the default one(s). The default files are /etc/mono/config and ~/.mono/config or the file specified in the MONO_CONFIG environment variable, if set. See the mono-config(5) man page for details on the format of this file.
• --desktop
      Configures the virtual machine to be better suited for desktop applications. Currently this sets the GC system to avoid expanding the heap as much as possible at the expense of slowing down garbage collection a bit.
• --help, -h
      Displays usage instructions.
• --optimize=MODE, -O=MODE
      MODE is a comma separated list of optimizations. They also allow optimizations to be turned off by prefixing the optimization name with a minus sign. .Sp In general, Mono has been tuned to use the default set of flags, before using these flags for a deployment setting, you might want to actually measure the benefits of using them. .Sp The following optimizations are implemented:

            all        Turn on all optimizations
             peephole   Peephole postpass
             branch     Branch optimizations
             inline     Inline method calls
             cfold      Constant folding
             consprop   Constant propagation
             copyprop   Copy propagation
             deadce     Dead code elimination
             linears    Linear scan global reg allocation
             cmov       Conditional moves [arch-dependency]
             shared     Emit per-domain code
             sched      Instruction scheduling
             intrins    Intrinsic method implementations
             tailc      Tail recursion and tail calls
             loop       Loop related optimizations
             fcmov      Fast x86 FP compares [arch-dependency]
             leaf       Leaf procedures optimizations
             aot        Usage of Ahead Of Time compiled code
             precomp    Precompile all methods before executing Main
             abcrem     Array bound checks removal
             ssapre     SSA based Partial Redundancy Elimination
             sse2       SSE2 instructions on x86 [arch-dependency]
             gshared    Enable generic code sharing.

.Sp For example, to enable all the optimization but dead code elimination and inlining, you can use:

-O=all,-deadce,-inline

.Sp The flags that are flagged with [arch-dependency] indicate that the given option if used in combination with Ahead of Time compilation (--aot flag) would produce pre-compiled code that will depend on the current CPU and might not be safely moved to another computer.

• --runtime=VERSION
      Mono supports different runtime versions. The version used depends on the program that is being run or on its configuration file (named program.exe.config). This option can be used to override such autodetection, by forcing a different runtime version to be used. Note that this should only be used to select a later compatible runtime version than the one the program was compiled against. A typical usage is for running a 1.1 program on a 2.0 version:

        mono --runtime=v2.0.50727 program.exe

• --security, --security=mode
      Activate the security manager, a currently experimental feature in Mono and it is OFF by default. The new code verifier can be enabled with this option as well.

Using security without parameters is equivalent as calling it with the "cas" parameter.

The following modes are supported:

• cas
      This allows mono to support declarative security attributes, e.g. execution of Code Access Security (CAS) or non-CAS demands.
• core-clr
      Enables the core-clr security system, typically used for Moonlight/Silverlight applications. It provides a much simpler security system than CAS, see http://www.mono-project.com/Moonlight for more details and links to the descriptions of this new system.
• validil
      Enables the new verifier and performs basic verification for code validity. In this mode, unsafe code and P/Invoke are allowed. This mode provides a better safety guarantee but it is still possible for managed code to crash Mono.
• verifiable
      Enables the new verifier and performs full verification of the code being executed. It only allows verifiable code to be executed. Unsafe code is not allowed but P/Invoke is. This mode should not allow managed code to crash mono. The verification is not as strict as ECMA 335 standard in order to stay compatible with the MS runtime.

The security system acts on user code: code contained in mscorlib or the global assembly cache is always trusted.

• --server
      Configures the virtual machine to be better suited for server operations (currently, a no-op).
• --verify-all
      Verifies mscorlib and assemblies in the global assembly cache for valid IL, and all user code for IL verifiability. This is different from --security's verifiable or validil in that these options only check user code and skip mscorlib and assemblies located on the global assembly cache.
• -V, --version
      Prints JIT version information (system configuration, release number and branch names if available).

The following options are used to help when developing a JITed application.

• --debug, --debug=OPTIONS
      Turns on the debugging mode in the runtime. If an assembly was compiled with debugging information, it will produce line number information for stack traces.

The optional OPTIONS argument is a comma separated list of debugging options. These options are turned off by default since they generate much larger and slower code at runtime.

• The following options are supported:
• casts
      Produces a detailed error when throwing a InvalidCastException. This option needs to be enabled as this generates more verbose code at execution time.
• mdb-optimizations
      Disable some JIT optimizations which are usually only disabled when running inside the debugger. This can be helpful if you want to attach to the running process with mdb.
• gdb
      Generate and register debugging information with gdb. This is only supported on some platforms, and only when using gdb 7.0 or later.
• --profile[=profiler[:profiler_args]]
      Turns on profiling. For more information about profiling applications and code coverage see the sections "PROFILING" and "CODE COVERAGE" below.
• --trace[=expression]
      Shows method names as they are invoked. By default all methods are traced. .Sp The trace can be customized to include or exclude methods, classes or assemblies. A trace expression is a comma separated list of targets, each target can be prefixed with a minus sign to turn off a particular target. The words `program', `all' and `disabled' have special meaning. `program' refers to the main program being executed, and `all' means all the method calls. .Sp The `disabled' option is used to start up with tracing disabled. It can be enabled at a later point in time in the program by sending the SIGUSR2 signal to the runtime. .Sp Assemblies are specified by their name, for example, to trace all calls in the System assembly, use:

	mono --trace=System app.exe

Classes are specified with the T: prefix. For example, to trace all calls to the System.String class, use:

	mono --trace=T:System.String app.exe

And individual methods are referenced with the M: prefix, and the standard method notation:

	mono --trace=M:System.Console:WriteLine app.exe

As previously noted, various rules can be specified at once:

	mono --trace=T:System.String,T:System.Random app.exe

You can exclude pieces, the next example traces calls to System.String except for the System.String:Concat method.

	mono --trace=T:System.String,-M:System.String:Concat

Finally, namespaces can be specified using the N: prefix:

	mono --trace=N:System.Xml

• --no-x86-stack-align
      Don't align stack frames on the x86 architecture. By default, Mono aligns stack frames to 16 bytes on x86, so that local floating point and SIMD variables can be properly aligned. This option turns off the alignment, which usually saves one intruction per call, but might result in significantly lower floating point and SIMD performance.

The maintainer options are only used by those developing the runtime itself, and not typically of interest to runtime users or developers.

• --break method
      Inserts a breakpoint before the method whose name is `method' (namespace.class:methodname). Use `Main' as method name to insert a breakpoint on the application's main method.
• --breakonex
      Inserts a breakpoint on exceptions. This allows you to debug your application with a native debugger when an exception is thrown.
• --compile name
      This compiles a method (namespace.name:methodname), this is used for testing the compiler performance or to examine the output of the code generator.
• --compileall
      Compiles all the methods in an assembly. This is used to test the compiler performance or to examine the output of the code generator
• --graph=TYPE METHOD
      This generates a postscript file with a graph with the details about the specified method (namespace.name:methodname). This requires `dot' and ghostview to be installed (it expects Ghostview to be called "gv"). .Sp The following graphs are available:

         cfg        Control Flow Graph (CFG)
          dtree      Dominator Tree
          code       CFG showing code
          ssa        CFG showing code after SSA translation
          optcode    CFG showing code after IR optimizations

.Sp Some graphs will only be available if certain optimizations are turned on.

• --ncompile
      Instruct the runtime on the number of times that the method specified by --compile (or all the methods if --compileall is used) to be compiled. This is used for testing the code generator performance.
• --stats
      Displays information about the work done by the runtime during the execution of an application.
• --wapi=hps|semdel
      Perform maintenance of the process shared data. .Sp semdel will delete the global semaphore. .Sp hps will list the currently used handles.
• -v, --verbose
      Increases the verbosity level, each time it is listed, increases the verbosity level to include more information (including, for example, a disassembly of the native code produced, code selector info etc.).

The Mono runtime allows external processes to attach to a running process and load assemblies into the running program. To attach to the process, a special protocol is implemented in the Mono.Management assembly.

With this support it is possible to load assemblies that have an entry point (they are created with -target:exe or -target:winexe) to be loaded and executed in the Mono process.

The code is loaded into the root domain, and it starts execution on the special runtime attach thread. The attached program should create its own threads and return after invocation.

This support allows for example debugging applications by having the csharp shell attach to running processes.

The mono runtime includes a profiler that can be used to explore various performance related problems in your application. The profiler is activated by passing the --profile command line argument to the Mono runtime, the format is:

	--profile[=profiler[:profiler_args]]

Mono has a built-in profiler called 'default' (and is also the default if no arguments are specified), but developers can write custom profilers, see the section "CUSTOM PROFILERS" for more details.

If a profileris not specified, the default profiler is used. .Sp The profiler_argsis a profiler-specific string of options for the profiler itself. .Sp The default profiler accepts the following options 'alloc' to profile memory consumption by the application; 'time' to profile the time spent on each routine; 'jit' to collect time spent JIT-compiling methods and 'stat' to perform sample statistical profiling. If no options are provided the default is 'alloc,time,jit'.

By default the profile data is printed to stdout: to change this, use the 'file=filename' option to output the data to filename. .Sp For example:

	mono --profile program.exe

.Sp That will run the program with the default profiler and will do time and allocation profiling. .Sp

	mono --profile=default:stat,alloc,file=prof.out program.exe

Will do sample statistical profiling and allocation profiling on program.exe. The profile data is put in prof.out. .Sp Note that the statistical profiler has a very low overhead and should be the preferred profiler to use (for better output use the full path to the mono binary when running and make sure you have installed the addr2line utility that comes from the binutils package).

The logging profileris a general purpose profiler that can track many different kinds of events and logs those into a file as the program executes. This is different than previous profilers in Mono that kept the information in memory and rendered a summary of the results when the program shut down.

Using the logging profiler means that useful information can be gathered for long-running applications, applications that terminate abormally (crashes, segfaults, complicated tear down processes) or when no data about the shutdown is required.

The data collected by the running threads is kept independent of each other to minimize the runtime overhead and the information dumped into the log at regular intervals.

A sample use is very simple:

$ mono --profile=logging program.exe
	$ mprof-decoder program.mprof

In the above example the logging profiler is used in its default mode that merely records GC statistics for the execution of program.exe. The profiling data collected is stored in the file program.mprof. The mprof-decoder tool is then used to analyze the data.

You can instruct the logging profiler to record different one or more sets of events. These are the modes supported:

Statistical Profiling (stat)the program instruction pointer is periodically sampled to determine where the program is spending most of its time. Statistical profiling has a very low impact on a running application and it is very useful to get a general picture of where time is being spent on a program.

If call chains are requested, for each sample the profiler gets a partial stack trace (limited by the specified depth) so that caller-callee information is available.

Instrumenting:each method enter and exit is logged with a timestamp; further processing of the data can show the methods that took the longer to execute, with complete accounting for callers and callees. However, this way of profiling is rather intrusive and slows down the application significantly.

Allocation:each allocation is logged.

Allocation summary:shows, for each collection, a summary of the heap contents broken down by class (for each class the number of allocated and released objects is given, together with their aggregated size in bytes).

Heap snapshot mode:dumps the whole heap contents at every collection (or at user specified collections). It is also possible to request a collection and snapshot dump with a signal.

Moreover, other events can be logged and analyzed, like jit time for each method, load and unload for assemblies, modules and and individual classes, and appdomain and thread creation and destruction.

This profiler is activated passing the --profile=logging option to the mono runtime, and is controlled attaching further options, like --profile=logging:statistical for doing statistical profiling (multiple options are separated by commas).

As a quick primer, here are a few examples of the most common usage modes:

To perform statistical profiling:

	mono --profile=logging:stat program.exe

To perform statistical profiling, inspecting call chains up to depth 8:

	mono --profile=logging:stat=8 program.exe

To profile allocations (by default the call stack will be analized for each allocation, producing detailed caller method attribution infornation):

	mono --profile=logging:allocations program.exe

To profile garbage collection activity at a high level (collection time and objects freed at each collection for each class are reported, but heap snapshots are not saved to disk):

	mono --profile=logging:allocations-summary program.exe

To perform heap profiling taking heap snapshots:

	mono --profile=logging:heap=all program.exe

To write the resulting data to a different file:

	mono --profile=logging:output=mydata.mprof program.exe

Then you would need to invoke the decoder mprof-decoder(1) on the output file to see the profiling results, or to examine heap snapshots and allocations in detail mprof-heap-viewer(1).

The operating modes described above are the default ones, and are sufficient to use the profiler.

To further customize the profiler behavior there are more options, described below.

These options can be individually enabled and disabled prefixing them with an (optional) '+' character or a '-' character. For instance, the "allocations" option by default records also the full call stack at each allocation. If only the caller is wanted, one should use "allocations,-save-allocation-stack", or to disable call tracking completely (making the profiler less intrusive) "allocations,-save-allocation-caller,-save-allocation-stack". In practice the "allocation" option by default behaves like "allocations,save-allocation-caller,save-allocation-stack", but the user can tune this to his needs.

These are all the available options, organized by category:

Execution profiling modes

• statistical, stat or s
      Performs statistical profiling. This is a lightweight profiling mechanism and it has a much lower overhead than the enter-leave profiling as it works by sampling where the program is spending its time by using a timer. If specified with s=<number>, also inspect call chains up to level <number>.
• enter-leave, calls or c
      Measure the time spent inside each method call, this is done by logging the time when a method enters and when the method leaves. This can be a time consuming operation.
• jit, j
      Collect information about time spent by the JIT engine compiling methods.

Allocation profiling modes

• allocations, alloc or a
      Collect information about each allocation (object class and size). By default this also implies "+save-allocation-caller" and "+save-allocation-stack".
• save-allocation-caller, sac
      Save the direct caller of each allocation. The profiler filters out wrapper methods, and also recognizes if the allocation has been performed by the runtime while jitting a method.
• save-allocation-stack, sas
      Save the full managed execution stack at each allocation. While the "sac" option saves the direct caller, this one records the whole stack trace. Note that in the call stack the wrapper methods are not filtered out. Anyway the "sac" and "sas" options can be combined, and the decoder will attribute the allocation to the correct method even if the wrapper is at the top of the stack trace.
• allocations-summary or as
      At each collection dump a summary of the heap contents (for each class, the number and collective size of all live and freed heap objects). This very lightweight compared to full heap snapshots.
• unreachable, free or f
      Performs a lightweight profile of the garbage collector. On each collection performed by the GC, the list of unreachable objects is recorded, and for each object the class and size is provided. This information can be used to compute the heap size broken down by class (combined with "a" can give the same information of "as", but the log file contains info about each individual object, while in "as" the processing is done directly at runtime and the log file contains only the summarized data broken down by class).
• gc or g
      Measure the time spent in each collection, and also trace heap resizes.
• heap-shot[=ARG], heap[=ARG] or h[=ARH]
      Performs full heap profiling. In this case on each collection a full heap snapshot is recorded to disk. Inside the snapshots, each object reference is still represented so that it's possible to investigate who is responsible for keeping objects alive.

If the value of ARG is

all, a heap snapshot is taken at each collection.

If the value is an integer

n, a snapshot will be taken at the first

n collections (like setting

gcd=n );

If no additional argument is given to the heap option, the only way to take heap snapshots is to requeste them using the runtime socket based command interface described below (see "Profiler activity control").

Heap profiling also enables full allocation profiling (with call stacks), and each allocation can be related to its corresponding object in the snapshots, enabling investigations like "find all objects of a given class allocated by a given method and still live at a given collection, and then find all objects referencing them".

This kind of heap snapshot analysis is performed using the mprof-heap-viewer(1) application.

The number of heap snapshots taken (and the moment in which they are taken) can be further customized with the following options:

• gc-dumps=N, gc-d=N, gcd=N
      states the number of snapshots that must be dumped (since the application starts). Zero means no dumps at all, -1 means dump at all collections.
• These options exist because it can happen that the user wants to investigate
      what happens during collections but without forcing a collection using the command interface, because forcing a collection alters the program behavior. Of course it is possible to simply take a snapshot at every collection, but in some workloads this is could not be feasible (too much data). So we have this "garbage collection dumps" counter to control how many snapshots to take.

Profiler activity control

• output=FILE, out=FILE or o=FILE
      Use this option to provide the output file name for the profile log. If this option is not specified, it will default to "<program-name>.mprof".
• output-suffix=SUFFIX, suffix=SUFFIX or os=SUFFIX: makes
      the output file name equals to "<program-name>-SUFFIX.mprof".
• start-enabled or se: start with the profiler active
      (which is the default).
• start-disabled or sd: start with the profiler inactive.
• force-accurate-timer (or fac): the profiler by default uses
      rtdsc to acquire timestamps for frequent events, but this can be imprecise; using this option you force the use of "gettimeofday" at every event, which is more accurate but much slower.
• command-port=port or cp=port (where port is an integer between
      1024 nd 65535): Choose a TCP port where the profiler will listen for user commands. The protocol is ASCII based and line oriented (one line per command), and the profiler answers with one line containing either "OK" or "ERROR" to each received command.

The user can telnet to this port and give commands manually, or a GUI can use this facility to control the profiler at runtime.

The available commands are:

• enable: Enables the profiler.
• disable: Disables the profiler.
• heap-snapshot: Takes a heap snapshot now (forces a full garbage collection).
• heap-snapshot-counter=arg: Set the counter of the next heap snapshots
      that must be taken, where arg can be "all" (take a snapshot at every collection), "none" (do not take snapshots), or an integer "n" (take a heap snapshot for the next "n" collections).

Internal buffer sizes

• per-thread-buffer-size=N, tbs=N
      Use to specify the number of events that a thread buffer can hold. When the thread buffer is full, a log block is written to disk. .Sp This defaults to tbs=10000.
• statistical-thread-buffer-size=N, sbs=N
      The number of statistical samples that are held in memory before they are dumped to disk (the system does double-buffering and the statistical samples are written by a helper thread, so the statistical profiler never stops and is able to profile the profiler itself). .Sp This defaults to sbs=10000.
• write-buffer-size, wbs
      Specifies the size in bytes of the internal write buffers. .Sp This defaults to wbs=1024.

In its current state, this profiler can also perform heap analysis like the HeapShot profiler, but there is no UI to process this information.

Another known issue is that if the timer is not strictly monotonic (like rtdsc), differences between times can underflow (they are handled as unsigned integers) and weird numbers can show up in the logs.

Finally, it can happen that when exceptions are thrown the profiler temporarily loses track of the execution stack and misattributes the caller for a few allocations (and method execution time).

The output file contains compressed events, to process the data you should use tools like the "Mono.Profiler" tool provided on the Mono SVN repository.

More explanations are provided here: "http://www.mono-project.com/LoggingProfiler".

There are a number of external profilers that have been developed for Mono, we will update this section to contain the profilers.

The heap Shot profiler can track all live objects, and references to these objects, and includes a GUI tool, this is our recommended profiler. To install you must download the profiler from Mono's SVN:

svn co svn://anonsvn.mono-project.com/source/trunk/heap-shot
	cd heap-shot
	./autogen
	make
	make install

See the included documentation for details on using it.

The Live Type profiler shows at every GC iteration all of the live objects of a given type. To install you must download the profiler from Mono's SVN:

svn co svn://anonsvn.mono-project.com/source/trunk/heap-prof
	cd heap-prof
	./autogen
	make
	make install

To use the profiler, execute:

mono --profile=desc-heap program.exe

The output of this profiler looks like this:

Checkpoint at 102 for heap-resize
	   System.MonoType : 708
	   System.Threading.Thread : 352
	   System.String : 3230
	   System.String[] : 104
	   Gnome.ModuleInfo : 112
	   System.Object[] : 160
	   System.Collections.Hashtable : 96
	   System.Int32[] : 212
	   System.Collections.Hashtable+Slot[] : 296
	   System.Globalization.CultureInfo : 108
	   System.Globalization.NumberFormatInfo : 144

The first line describes the iteration number for the GC, in this case checkpoint 102.

Then on each line the type is displayed as well as the number of bytes that are being consumed by live instances of this object.

The AOT profiler is used to feed back information to the AOT compiler about how to order code based on the access patterns for pages. To use it, use:

mono --profile=aot program.exe

The output of this profile can be fed back into Mono's AOT compiler to order the functions on the disk to produce precompiled images that have methods in sequential pages.

Mono provides a mechanism for loading other profiling modules which in the form of shared libraries. These profiling modules can hook up to various parts of the Mono runtime to gather information about the code being executed.

To use a third party profiler you must pass the name of the profiler to Mono, like this:

	mono --profile=custom program.exe

In the above sample Mono will load the user defined profiler from the shared library `mono-profiler-custom.so'. This profiler module must be on your dynamic linker library path.

A list of other third party profilers is available from Mono's web site (www.mono-project.com/Performance_Tips)

Custom profiles are written as shared libraries. The shared library must be called `mono-profiler-NAME.so' where `NAME' is the name of your profiler.

For a sample of how to write your own custom profiler look in the Mono source tree for in the samples/profiler.c.

Mono ships with a code coverage module. This module is activated by using the Mono --profile=cov option. The format is: --profile=cov[:assembly-name[/namespace]] test-suite.exe

By default code coverage will default to all the assemblies loaded, you can limit this by specifying the assembly name, for example to perform code coverage in the routines of your program use, for example the following command line limits the code coverage to routines in the "demo" assembly:

	mono --profile=cov:demo demo.exe

Notice that the assembly-namedoes not include the extension.

You can further restrict the code coverage output by specifying a namespace:

	mono --profile=cov:demo/My.Utilities demo.exe

Which will only perform code coverage in the given assembly and namespace.

Typical output looks like this:

	Not covered: Class:.ctor ()
	Not covered: Class:A ()
	Not covered: Driver:.ctor ()
	Not covered: Driver:method ()
	Partial coverage: Driver:Main ()
		offset 0x000a

The offsets displayed are IL offsets.

A more powerful coverage tool is available in the module `monocov'. See the monocov(1) man page for details.

To debug managed applications, you can use the

mdb command, a command line debugger.

It is possible to obtain a stack trace of all the active threads in Mono by sending the QUIT signal to Mono, you can do this from the command line, like this:

	kill -QUIT pid

Where pid is the Process ID of the Mono process you want to examine. The process will continue running afterwards, but its state is not guaranteed.

Important: this is a last-resort mechanism for debugging applications and should not be used to monitor or probe a production application. The integrity of the runtime after sending this signal is not guaranteed and the application might crash or terminate at any given point afterwards.

The --debug=casts option can be used to get more detailed information for Invalid Cast operations, it will provide information about the types involved.

You can use the MONO_LOG_LEVEL and MONO_LOG_MASK environment variables to get verbose debugging output about the execution of your application within Mono.

The MONO_LOG_LEVELenvironment variable if set, the logging level is changed to the set value. Possible values are "error", "critical", "warning", "message", "info", "debug". The default value is "error". Messages with a logging level greater then or equal to the log level will be printed to stdout/stderr.

Use "info" to track the dynamic loading of assemblies.

Use the MONO_LOG_MASKenvironment variable to limit the extent of the messages you get: If set, the log mask is changed to the set value. Possible values are "asm" (assembly loader), "type", "dll" (native library loader), "gc" (garbage collector), "cfg" (config file loader), "aot" (precompiler) and "all". The default value is "all". Changing the mask value allows you to display only messages for a certain component. You can use multiple masks by comma separating them. For example to see config file messages and assembly loader messages set you mask to "asm,cfg".

The following is a common use to track down problems with P/Invoke:

	$ MONO_LOG_LEVEL="debug" MONO_LOG_MASK="dll" mono glue.exe

Mono's XML serialization engine by default will use a reflection-based approach to serialize which might be slow for continuous processing (web service applications). The serialization engine will determine when a class must use a hand-tuned serializer based on a few parameters and if needed it will produce a customized C# serializer for your types at runtime. This customized serializer then gets dynamically loaded into your application.

You can control this with the MONO_XMLSERIALIZER_THS environment variable.

The possible values are

`no' to disable the use of a C# customized serializer, or an integer that is the minimum number of uses before the runtime will produce a custom serializer (0 will produce a custom serializer on the first access, 50 will produce a serializer on the 50th use). Mono will fallback to an interpreted serializer if the serializer generation somehow fails. This behavior can be disabled by setting the option

`nofallback' (for example: MONO_XMLSERIALIZER_THS=0,nofallback).

• GC_DONT_GC
      Turns off the garbage collection in Mono. This should be only used for debugging purposes
• LVM_COUNT
      When Mono is compiled with LLVM support, this instructs the runtime to stop using LLVM after the specified number of methods are JITed. This is a tool used in diagnostics to help isolate problems in the code generation backend. For example LLVM_COUNT=10 would only compile 10 methods with LLVM and then switch to the Mono JIT engine. LLVM_COUNT=0 would disable the LLVM engine altogether.
• MONO_AOT_CACHE
      If set, this variable will instruct Mono to ahead-of-time compile new assemblies on demand and store the result into a cache in ~/.mono/aot-cache.
• MONO_CFG_DIR
      If set, this variable overrides the default system configuration directory ($PREFIX/etc). It's used to locate machine.config file.
• MONO_COM
      Sets the style of COM interop. If the value of this variable is "MS" Mono will use string marhsalling routines from the liboleaut32 for the BSTR type library, any other values will use the mono-builtin BSTR string marshalling.
• MONO_CONFIG
      If set, this variable overrides the default runtime configuration file ($PREFIX/etc/mono/config). The --config command line options overrides the environment variable.
• MONO_DEBUG
      If set, enables some features of the runtime useful for debugging. This variable should contain a comma separated list of debugging options. Currently, the following options are supported:

• break-on-unverified
      If this variable is set, when the Mono VM runs into a verification problem, instead of throwing an exception it will break into the debugger. This is useful when debugging verifier problems
• collect-pagefault-stats
      Collects information about pagefaults. This is used internally to track the number of page faults produced to load metadata. To display this information you must use this option with "--stats" command line option.
• dont-free-domains
      This is an Optimization for multi-AppDomain applications (most commonly ASP.NET applications). Due to internal limitations Mono, Mono by default does not use typed allocations on multi-appDomain applications as they could leak memory when a domain is unloaded. .Sp Although this is a fine default, for applications that use more than on AppDomain heavily (for example, ASP.NET applications) it is worth trading off the small leaks for the increased performance (additionally, since ASP.NET applications are not likely going to unload the application domains on production systems, it is worth using this feature).
• handle-sigint
      Captures the interrupt signal (Control-C) and displays a stack trace when pressed. Useful to find out where the program is executing at a given point. This only displays the stack trace of a single thread.
• keep-delegates
      This option will leak delegate trampolines that are no longer referenced as to present the user with more information about a delegate misuse. Basically a delegate instance might be created, passed to unmanaged code, and no references kept in managed code, which will garbage collect the code. With this option it is possible to track down the source of the problems.
• no-gdb-backtrace
      This option will disable the GDB backtrace emitted by the runtime after a SIGSEGV or SIGABRT in unmanaged code.
• suspend-on-sigsegv
       This option will suspend the program when a native SIGSEGV is received. This is useful for debugging crashes which do not happen under gdb, since a live process contains more information than a core file.
• MONO_DISABLE_AIO
      If set, tells mono NOT to attempt using native asynchronous I/O services. In that case, a default select/poll implementation is used. Currently only epoll() is supported.
• MONO_DISABLE_MANAGED_COLLATION
      If this environment variable is `yes', the runtime uses unmanaged collation (which actually means no culture-sensitive collation). It internally disables managed collation functionality invoked via the members of System.Globalization.CompareInfo class. Collation is enabled by default.
• MONO_EGD_SOCKET
      For platforms that do not otherwise have a way of obtaining random bytes this can be set to the name of a file system socket on which an egd or prngd daemon is listening.
• MONO_EVENTLOG_TYPE
      Sets the type of event log provider to use (for System.Diagnostics.EventLog). .Sp Possible values are:

• "local[:path]"
      .Sp Persists event logs and entries to the local file system. .Sp The directory in which to persist the event logs, event sources and entries can be specified as part of the value. .Sp If the path is not explicitly set, it defaults to "/var/lib/mono/eventlog" on unix and "%APPDATA%\mono\ventlog" on Windows.
• "win32"
      .Sp

Uses the native win32 API to write events and registers event logs and event sources in the registry. This is only available on Windows. .Sp On Unix, the directory permission for individual event log and event source directories is set to 777 (with +t bit) allowing everyone to read and write event log entries while only allowing entries to be deleted by the user(s) that created them.

• "null"
      .Sp Silently discards any events.

The default is "null" on Unix (and versions of Windows before NT), and "win32" on Windows NT (and higher).

• MONO_EXTERNAL_ENCODINGS
      If set, contains a colon-separated list of text encodings to try when turning externally-generated text (e.g. command-line arguments or filenames) into Unicode. The encoding names come from the list provided by iconv, and the special case "default_locale" which refers to the current locale's default encoding.

When reading externally-generated text strings UTF-8 is tried first, and then this list is tried in order with the first successful conversion ending the search. When writing external text (e.g. new filenames or arguments to new processes) the first item in this list is used, or UTF-8 if the environment variable is not set.

The problem with using MONO_EXTERNAL_ENCODINGS to process your files is that it results in a problem: although its possible to get the right file name it is not necessarily possible to open the file. In general if you have problems with encodings in your filenames you should use the "convmv" program.

• MONO_GAC_PREFIX
      Provides a prefix the runtime uses to look for Global Assembly Caches. Directories are separated by the platform path separator (colons on unix). MONO_GAC_PREFIX should point to the top directory of a prefixed install. Or to the directory provided in the gacutil /gacdir command. Example:

/home/username/.mono:/usr/local/mono/

• MONO_IOMAP     Enables some filename rewriting support to assist badly-written applications that hard-code Windows paths. Set to a colon-separated list of "drive" to strip drive letters, or "case" to do case-insensitive file matching in every directory in a path. "all" enables all rewriting methods. (Backslashes are always mapped to slashes if this variable is set to a valid option.)

.Sp For example, this would work from the shell:

	MONO_IOMAP=drive:case
	export MONO_IOMAP

If you are using mod_mono to host your web applications, you can use the

MonoIOMAP directive instead, like this:

	MonoIOMAP <appalias> all

See mod_mono(8) for more details.

• MONO_MANAGED_WATCHER
      If set to "disabled", System.IO.FileSystemWatcher will use a file watcher implementation which silently ignores all the watching requests. If set to any other value, System.IO.FileSystemWatcher will use the default managed implementation (slow). If unset, mono will try to use inotify, FAM, Gamin, kevent under Unix systems and native API calls on Windows, falling back to the managed implementation on error.
• MONO_NO_SMP
      If set causes the mono process to be bound to a single processor. This may be useful when debugging or working around race conditions.
• MONO_PATH
      Provides a search path to the runtime where to look for library files. This is a tool convenient for debugging applications, but should not be used by deployed applications as it breaks the assembly loader in subtle ways. .Sp Directories are separated by the platform path separator (colons on unix). Example:

/home/username/lib:/usr/local/mono/lib .Sp Alternative solutions to MONO_PATH include: installing libraries into the Global Assembly Cache (see gacutil(1)) or having the dependent libraries side-by-side with the main executable. .Sp For a complete description of recommended practices for application deployment, see http://www.mono-project.com/Guidelines:Application_Deployment

• MONO_RTC
      Experimental RTC support in the statistical profiler: if the user has the permission, more accurate statistics are gathered. The MONO_RTC value must be restricted to what the Linux rtc allows: power of two from 64 to 8192 Hz. To enable higher frequencies like 4096 Hz, run as root:

	echo 4096 > /proc/sys/dev/rtc/max-user-freq

.Sp For example:

	MONO_RTC=4096 mono --profiler=default:stat program.exe

• MONO_NO_TLS
      Disable inlining of thread local accesses. Try setting this if you get a segfault early on in the execution of mono.
• MONO_SHARED_DIR
      If set its the directory where the ".wapi" handle state is stored. This is the directory where the Windows I/O Emulation layer stores its shared state data (files, events, mutexes, pipes). By default Mono will store the ".wapi" directory in the users's home directory.
• MONO_SHARED_HOSTNAME
      Uses the string value of this variable as a replacement for the host name when creating file names in the ".wapi" directory. This helps if the host name of your machine is likely to be changed when a mono application is running or if you have a .wapi directory shared among several different computers. .Sp Mono typically uses the hostname to create the files that are used to share state across multiple Mono processes. This is done to support home directories that might be shared over the network.
• MONO_STRICT_IO_EMULATION
      If set, extra checks are made during IO operations. Currently, this includes only advisory locks around file writes.
• MONO_DISABLE_SHM
      If set, disables the shared memory files used for cross-process handles: process have only private handles. This means that process and thread handles are not available to other processes, and named mutexes, named events and named semaphores are not visible between processes. .Sp This is can also be enabled by default by passing the "--disable-shared-handles" option to configure.
• MONO_THEME
      The name of the theme to be used by Windows.Forms. Available themes today include "clearlooks", "nice" and "win32". .Sp The default is "win32".
• MONO_TLS_SESSION_CACHE_TIMEOUT
      The time, in seconds, that the SSL/TLS session cache will keep it's entry to avoid a new negotiation between the client and a server. Negotiation are very CPU intensive so an application-specific custom value may prove useful for small embedded systems. .Sp The default is 180 seconds.
• MONO_THREADS_PER_CPU
      The maximum number of threads in the general threadpool will be 20 + (MONO_THREADS_PER_CPU * number of CPUs). The default value for this variable is 10.
• MONO_XMLSERIALIZER_THS
      Controls the threshold for the XmlSerializer to produce a custom serializer for a given class instead of using the Reflection-based interpreter. The possible values are `no' to disable the use of a custom serializer or a number to indicate when the XmlSerializer should start serializing. The default value is 50, which means that the a custom serializer will be produced on the 50th use.
• MONO_XMLSERIALIZER_DEBUG
      Set this value to 1 to prevent the serializer from removing the temporary files that are created for fast serialization; This might be useful when debugging.
• MONO_ASPNET_INHIBIT_SETTINGSMAP
      Mono contains a feature which allows modifying settings in the .config files shipped with Mono by using config section mappers. The mappers and the mapping rules are defined in the $prefix/etc/mono/2.0/settings.map file and, optionally, in the settings.map file found in the top-level directory of your ASP.NET application. Both files are read by System.Web on application startup, if they are found at the above locations. If you don't want the mapping to be performed you can set this variable in your environment before starting the application and no action will be taken.
• MONO_MESSAGING_PROVIDER
      Mono supports a plugin model for its implementation of System.Messaging making it possible to support a variety of messaging implementations (e.g. AMQP, ActiveMQ). To specify which messaging implementation is to be used the evironement variable needs to be set to the full class name for the provider. E.g. to use the RabbitMQ based AMQP implementation the variable should be set to:

Mono.Messaging.RabbitMQ.RabbitMQMessagingProvider,Mono.Messaging.RabbitMQ

• MONO_X509_REVOCATION_MODE
      Sets the revocation mode used when validating a X509 certificate chain (https, ftps, smtps...). The default is 'nocheck', which performs no revocation check at all. The other possible values are 'offline', which performs CRL check (not implemented yet) and 'online' which uses OCSP and CRL to verify the revocation status (not implemented yet).

• MONO_ASPNET_NODELETE
      If set to any value, temporary source files generated by ASP.NET support classes will not be removed. They will be kept in the user's temporary directory.
• MONO_LOG_LEVEL
      The logging level, possible values are `error', `critical', `warning', `message', `info' and `debug'. See the DEBUGGING section for more details.
• MONO_LOG_MASK
      Controls the domain of the Mono runtime that logging will apply to. If set, the log mask is changed to the set value. Possible values are "asm" (assembly loader), "type", "dll" (native library loader), "gc" (garbage collector), "cfg" (config file loader), "aot" (precompiler) and "all". The default value is "all". Changing the mask value allows you to display only messages for a certain component. You can use multiple masks by comma separating them. For example to see config file messages and assembly loader messages set you mask to "asm,cfg".
• MONO_TRACE
      Used for runtime tracing of method calls. The format of the comma separated trace options is:

	[-]M:method name
	[-]N:namespace
	[-]T:class name
	[-]all
	[-]program
	disabled		Trace output off upon start.

You can toggle trace output on/off sending a SIGUSR2 signal to the program.

• MONO_TRACE_LISTENER
      If set, enables the System.Diagnostics.DefaultTraceListener, which will print the output of the System.Diagnostics Trace and Debug classes. It can be set to a filename, and to Console.Out or Console.Error to display output to standard output or standard error, respectively. If it's set to Console.Out or Console.Error you can append an optional prefix that will be used when writing messages like this: Console.Error:MyProgramName. See the System.Diagnostics.DefaultTraceListener documentation for more information.
• MONO_XEXCEPTIONS
      This throws an exception when a X11 error is encountered; by default a message is displayed but execution continues
• MONO_XSYNC
      This is used in the System.Windows.Forms implementation when running with the X11 backend. This is used to debug problems in Windows.Forms as it forces all of the commands send to X11 server to be done synchronously. The default mode of operation is asynchronous which makes it hard to isolate the root of certain problems.
• MONO_GENERIC_SHARING
      This environment variable controls the kind of generic sharing used. This variable is used by internal JIT developers and should not be changed in production. Do not use it. .Sp The variable controls which classes will have generic code sharing enabled. .Sp Permissible values are:

• "all"
      All generated code can be shared.
• "collections"
      Only the classes in System.Collections.Generic will have its code shared (this is the default value).
• "corlib"
      Only code in corlib will have its code shared.
• "none"
      No generic code sharing will be performed. .Sp Generic code sharing by default only applies to collections. The Mono JIT by default turns this on.
• MONO_XDEBUG
      When the the MONO_XDEBUG env var is set, debugging info for JITted code is emitted into a shared library, loadable into gdb. This enables, for example, to see managed frame names on gdb backtraces.
• MONO_VERBOSE_METHOD
      Enables the maximum JIT verbosity for the specified method. This is very helpfull to diagnose a miscompilation problems of a specific method.

If you want to use Valgrind, you will find the file `mono.supp' useful, it contains the suppressions for the GC which trigger incorrect warnings. Use it like this:

   valgrind --suppressions=mono.supp mono ...

On some platforms, Mono can expose a set of DTrace probes (also known as user-land statically defined, USDT Probes).

• They are defined in the file `mono.d'.

ves-init-begin, ves-init-end

    .Sp Begin and end of runtime initialization.

method-compile-begin, method-compile-end

    .Sp Begin and end of method compilation. The probe arguments are class name, method name and signature, and in case of method-compile-end success or failure of compilation.

gc-begin, gc-end

    .Sp Begin and end of Garbage Collection.

• To verify the availability of the probes, run:     .nf dtrace -P mono'$target' -l -c mono

On Unix assemblies are loaded from the installation lib directory. If you set `prefix' to /usr, the assemblies will be located in /usr/lib. On Windows, the assemblies are loaded from the directory where mono and mint live.

~/.mono/aot-cache

    .Sp The directory for the ahead-of-time compiler demand creation assemblies are located.

/etc/mono/config, ~/.mono/config

    .Sp Mono runtime configuration file. See the mono-config(5) manual page for more information.

~/.config/.mono/certs, /usr/share/.mono/certs

    .Sp Contains Mono certificate stores for users / machine. See the certmgr(1) manual page for more information on managing certificate stores and the mozroots(1) page for information on how to import the Mozilla root certificates into the Mono certificate store.

~/.mono/assemblies/ASSEMBLY/ASSEMBLY.config

    .Sp Files in this directory allow a user to customize the configuration for a given system assembly, the format is the one described in the mono-config(5) page.

~/.config/.mono/keypairs, /usr/share/.mono/keypairs

    .Sp Contains Mono cryptographic keypairs for users / machine. They can be accessed by using a CspParameters object with DSACryptoServiceProvider and RSACryptoServiceProvider classes.

~/.config/.isolatedstorage, ~/.local/share/.isolatedstorage, /usr/share/.isolatedstorage

    .Sp Contains Mono isolated storage for non-roaming users, roaming users and local machine. Isolated storage can be accessed using the classes from the System.IO.IsolatedStorage namespace.

<assembly>.config

    .Sp Configuration information for individual assemblies is loaded by the runtime from side-by-side files with the .config files, see the http://www.mono-project.com/Config for more information.

Web.config, web.config

    .Sp ASP.NET applications are configured through these files, the configuration is done on a per-directory basis. For more information on this subject see the http://www.mono-project.com/Config_system.web page.

Mailing lists are listed at the http://www.mono-project.com/Mailing_Lists

http://www.mono-project.com

certmgr(1), csharp(1), mcs(1), mdb(1), monocov(1), monodis(1), mono-config(5), mozroots(1), pdb2mdb(1), xsp(1), mod_mono(8).

For more information on AOT: http://www.mono-project.com/AOT

For ASP.NET-related documentation, see the xsp(1) manual page