Man page 1 : lesspipe

lessfile, lesspipe - "input preprocessor" for less.

lessfile, lesspipe

This manual page documents briefly the lessfile , and lesspipecommands. This manual page was written for the Debian GNU/Linux distribution because the input preprocessor scripts are provided by Debian GNU/Linux and are not part of the original program.

lessfileand lesspipeare programs that can be used to modify the way the contents of a file are displayed in less.What this means is that lesscan automatically open up tar files, uncompress gzipped files, and even display something reasonable for graphics files.

lesspipewill toss the contents/info on STDOUT and lesswill read them as they come across. This means that you do not have to wait for the decoding to finish before less shows you the file. This also means that you will get a 'byte N' instead of an N% as your file position. You can seek to the end and back to get the N% but that means you have to wait for the pipe to finish.

lessfilewill toss the contents/info on a file which lesswill then read. After you are done, lessfilewill then delete the file. This means that the process has to finish before you see it, but you get nice percentages (N%) up front. .

Just put one of the following two commands in your login script (e.g. ~/.bash_profile):

eval "$(lessfile)"

or

eval "$(lesspipe)"

File types are recognized by their extensions. This is a list of currently supported extensions (grouped by the programs that handle them): *.arj *.tar.bz2 *.bz *.bz2 *.deb, *.udeb *.doc *.gif, *.jpeg, *.jpg, *.pcd, *.png, *.tga, *.tiff, *.tif *.iso, *.raw, *.bin *.lha, *.lzh *.pdf *.rar, *.r[0-9][0-9] *.rpm *.tar.gz, *.tgz, *.tar.z, *.tar.dz *.gz, *.z, *.dz *.tar *.jar, *.war, *.xpi, *.zip *.zoo .DE

It is possible to extend and overwrite the default lesspipeand lessfileinput processor if you have specialized requirements. Create an executable program with the name .lessfilterand put it into your home directory. This can be a shell script or a binary program.

It is important that this program returns the correct exit code: return 0 if your filter handles the input, return 1 if the standard lesspipe/lessfilefilter should handle the input.

Here is an example script: #!/bin/sh case "$1" in *.extension) extension-handler "$1" ;; *) # We don't handle this format. exit 1 esac # No further processing by lesspipe necessary exit 0 .DE

• ~/.lessfilter
      Executable file that can do user defined processing. See section USER DEFINED FILTERS for more information.

When trying to open compressed 0 byte files, lessdisplays the actual binary file contents. This is not a bug. lessis designed to do that (see manual page less(1), section INPUT PREPROCESSOR). This is the answer of Mark Nudelman <>:

"I recognized when I designed it that a lesspipe filter cannot output an empty file and have less display nothing in that case; it's a side effect of using the "no output" case to mean "the filter has nothing to do". It could have been designed to have some other mechanism to indicate "nothing to do", but "no output" seemed the simplest and most intuitive for lesspipe writers."

Sometimes, less does not display the contents file you want to view but output that is produced by your login scripts (~/.bashrc or ~/.bash_profile). This happens because less uses your current shell to run the lesspipe filter. Bash first looks for the variable $BASH_ENV in the environment expands its value and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. If this file produces any output less will display this. A way to solve this problem is to put the following lines on the top of your login script that produces output: if [ -z "$PS1" ]; then exit fi .DE This tests whether the prompt variable $PS1 is set and if it isn't (which is the case for non-interactive shells) it will exit the script.

less(1)

This manual page was written by Thomas Schoepf <>, for the Debian GNU/Linux system (but may be used by others). Most of the text was copied from a description written by Darren Stalder <>.